Ultrasonic Application in Midwifery

Ultrasonic is a sound or vibration with a frequency that is too high to be heard by the human ear, which is roughly above 20 kiloHertz. Only a few animals, such as dolphins use it for communication, whereas bats use ultrasonic waves for navigation. In this case, ultrasonic waves are ultra wave (above) sound wave frequency (sonic). Ultrasonic waves can propagate in solid, liquid and gas medium. The reflectivity of these ultrasonic waves on the liquid surface is almost the same as the solid surface, but in textiles and foams, then this type of wave will be absorbed.

The frequencies associated with ultrasonic waves in electronic applications are generated by the elastic vibration of a quartz crystal induced by resonance with an applied alternating electric field (piezoelectric effect). Sometimes ultrasound waves become periodically called noise, which can be expressed as the superposition of periodic waves, but the number of components is very large. Ultrasonic surplus that can not be heard, is direct and easy to focus. Distance of an object that utilizes the wave delay of reflection and the coming wave as in the radar system and motion detection by the sensor on the robot or animal. Examples of animals that can hear Ultrasonic waves are dolphins, bats, whales etc. The ultrasonic frequency and power required in the medical field according to need, if the ultrasonic used for diagnostic the frequency used is 1 MHz to 5 MHz with a power of 0.01 W / cm2. If ultrasonic power is increased to 1 W / cm2 will be used as a treatment, while to damage the cancer tissue is used power 103 W / cm2.

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The benefits of ultrasonic waves include:

1. Measuring the depth of the sea
   Measuring the depth of the ocean is done by a fathometer. This tool produces ultrasonic sounds of pulses. These pulses will be reflected by the seafloor and will be re-received. By measuring the time interval between sending the pulse and receiving it back, the depth of the ocean can be measured, so the depth of the sea is ½ s.

2. Checking the inside of the body
   Examination can be done by sending ultrasonic pulses to the body part to be analyzed. These pulses will be reflected by the internal organs. Each organ has different structures, densities, and interests. By measuring the relative time of these reflected waves, the depths of the organs are obtained. Based on the depth and reflection data of the reflected wave, the computer will form the inner shadow of the body. One of them with ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic tranducers most commonly used to monitor the fetus in pregnant women, arterial system in patients with weak heart, observing gangleon in patients with weak or brain abnormalities, in addition to utilization in the field oceanographi, for example the depth of the sea, observing coral reefs and of course the type and distance peasawat amphibi and submarines, both friends and opponents during the war mainly, also in peacetime, it may also be to monitor the position of satellites, or the position and velocity of a spaceship, meteorite or asteroids and the relatively close star cluster of BimaSakti.

3. The eyes of the blind
   Using a tool that can transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. An ultrasonic pulse is sent and then the object will reflect the pulse and be recaptured by the device. This reflected pulse is transformed into a sound that tells the person how far away an object is with itself.

4. Checking for metal damage
   By using an ultrasonic reflection system that can detect the depth of the object detected, it can be checked for cracks at the point of the metal weld joint. Ultrasound techniques are also often used to analyze the parts of aircraft that are damaged or rust.

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Ultrasonic Application in Midwifery
In relation to the effects of ultrasonic waves and ultra-wave nature, ultrasonic waves are used as diagnoses and treatments.

A. Ultrasonic as a Complementary Diagnosis
The electric piezo crystal acting as a transducer sends an ultrasonic wave reaching on the opposite wall, then the sound wave is reflected and will be forwarded to the amplifer in the form of an electric wave then the wave is captured by the CRT (Osscilloscope).
The picture obtained by CRT depends on the technique used. There are three kinds of methods in getting the picture that is:

1. A skanning
   Here to be searched is a large amplitude so called A- Skannning.

S = bulkhead
Basic Schema Image A- Skanning.

The sound produced by the piezo electric through the transducer reaches wall B, then is reflected to wall A and received by the transducer (T)

An image captured on a CRT / ossiloscope

Example A- Skanning

1. B- Skanning
   B-Skanning is also called Bright scanning. This method of skanning, widely used in the clinic because this method can get biased views or two dimensional images of body parts. The B-Skanning principle is the same as A-Skanning, only on B- Skanning the transducer is moved (Moving) while the A- Skanning transducer is not moved.
   The transducer movement will initially produce echo can be seen dot (this dot is stored on the CRT), then the transducer is moved to another direction to produce echo also so that then created a 2-dimensional picture.
   Schematic B- Skanning

(a) (b)
The first transducer movement The next transducer movement

(a ') (b')
In this B-Skanning, the operator may choose 2 methods of control on the electronic device, to achieve the threshold value, in order to obtain the desired image, the lead-edge display control device is used. To adjust the brightness of the TV screen (= CRT = Cathode Ray Tube) proportional to the magnitude of the echo or echo produced by the ultrasonic transducer, a gray-scale display device is used.

1. M-Skanning
   M-Skanning or modulation scanning are two methods used in connection to obtain information of ultrasonic motion of tools. For example in terms of studying the movement of the heart and movement of the vulva, or doppler technique used to measure blood flow. In M-Scanning where A will be in stationary state while echo happens to be dot of B s.

B. Things Diagnosed with Ultrasound
In accordance with the method used skanning ultrasonic can be used for the diagnosis:

1. A- Skanning
   Able to diagnose brain tumors (echo encephalo graphy), providing information about eye diseases, deep areas or locations of the eyeball, determining whether the cornea or lens is opaque or there is a retinal tumor tumor.

2. B- Skanning
   a. To obtain information of the internal structure of the human body. For example the liver, stomach, intestines, eyes, mammae, fetal heart.

b. To detect a pregnancy of about 6 weeks, abnormalities of the uterus or bladder and abnormal bleeding cases, as well as the treatment of abortion (ongoing abortion).

c. More information than X-Ray and less risk. For example, X-rays can only detect radioopaque cysts, whereas B-Skanning gives more clues about different types of cysts.

1. M-Skanning
   a. Provides information about the heart, cardiac valvula, pericardial effusion (pile of liquid in the heart sac)

b. M-Skanning has the advantage that it can be done while the treatment takes place to show progress in treatment

C. Ultrasonic use in treatment
As it is known that ultrasonic has chemical and biological effects, ultrasonic can be used in medicine. Ultrasonic effects increase in temperature and pressure increase, this effect arises because the network absorbs the sound energy thus ultrasonic is used as diathermy or heating.

Ultrasonic power used for some W / cm² is done in 3-10 minutes, twice a day, a week is done 3 times. Ultrasonic waves are different from electromagnetic waves and heat generated by ultrasonic is very different from microwave diathermi. This can be shown through the graph.
Ultrasonic as diathermy, the intensity used is 1-10 W / cm² with frequency of 1MHz amplitude change of 10W / cm² into tissue ± 106 cm maximum pressure 5 ATM. The initial pressure is maximum, changing to a minimum of ½λ wavelength; for 1MHz waves into the network of ½λ = 0.7 mm.

In addition, ultrasonic can be used to destroy malignant tissue (cancer) malignant cells will be destroyed in some parts whereas in other areas sometimes show stimulation of growth, is still investigated further. In Parkinson's patients the use of ultrasonic treatment is very successful but it is unfortunate to focus the sound towards the brain is very difficult. While in maniere's disease where the condition of hearing loss and equilibrium, when treated with ultrasonic is said to be 95% successful, ultrasonic destroys tissues near the middle ear, ultrasonic base scheme, ultrasonic base scheme for monitoring fetal heart movement.