The Three-Torus Model

The three-torus model is a cosmological model proposed in 1984 by Alexei Starobinsky and Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich at the Landau Institute in Moscow. The theory describes the shape of the universe (topology) as a three-dimensional torus.

In this connection, the torus is the only surface covered by the plane and thus supports a flat Riemannian metric. Tori with multiple holes support a hyperbolic or negative curvature metric, which has become immensely important to our understanding of geometry, algebra and physics.

The toroidal field is like an energy field that is shaped like a doughnut (hence the toroid shape). It is an energy field and can be used to model how energy moves in its most balanced dynamic process. Toroidal fields are everywhere, from hurricanes to tornadoes to the magnetic fields surrounding stars and other celestial bodies (see examples in the picture).