Making Joins as a Pro in SQL Server

I am going to discuss seven different ways you can return data from two relational tables. I will be excluding cross Joins and self referencing Joins. The seven Joins I will discuss are shown below:

1.- INNER JOIN
2.- LEFT JOIN
3.- RIGHT JOIN
4.- OUTER JOIN
5.- LEFT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN
6.- RIGHT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN
7.- OUTER JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

For the sake of this article, I'll refer to 5, 6, and 7 as LEFT EXCLUDING JOIN, RIGHT EXCLUDING JOIN, and OUTER EXCLUDING JOIN, respectively. Some may argue that 5, 6, and 7 are not really joining the two tables, but for simplicity, I will still refer to these as Joins because you use a SQL Join in each of these queries (but exclude some records with a WHERE clause).

Inner JOIN

This is the simplest, most understood Join and is the most common. This query will return all of the records in the left table (table A) that have a matching record in the right table (table B). This Join is written as follows:

Hide Copy Code
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
INNER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key

Left JOIN

This query will return all of the records in the left table (table A) regardless if any of those records have a match in the right table (table B). It will also return any matching records from the right table. This Join is written as follows:

Hide Copy Code
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key

Right JOIN

This query will return all of the records in the right table (table B) regardless if any of those records have a match in the left table (table A). It will also return any matching records from the left table. This Join is written as follows:

Hide Copy Code
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key

Outer JOIN

This Join can also be referred to as a FULL OUTER JOIN or a FULL JOIN. This query will return all of the records from both tables, joining records from the left table (table A) that match records from the right table (table B). This Join is written as follows:

Hide Copy Code
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key

Left Excluding JOIN

This query will return all of the records in the left table (table A) that do not match any records in the right table (table B). This Join is written as follows:

Hide Copy Code
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE B.Key IS NULL

Right Excluding JOIN

This query will return all of the records in the right table (table B) that do not match any records in the left table (table A). This Join is written as follows:

Hide Copy Code
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE A.Key IS NULL

Outer Excluding JOIN

This query will return all of the records in the left table (table A) and all of the records in the right table (table B) that do not match. I have yet to have a need for using this type of Join, but all of the others, I use quite frequently. This Join is written as follows:

Hide Copy Code
SELECT <select_list>
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.Key = B.Key
WHERE A.Key IS NULL OR B.Key IS NULL

Examples
Suppose we have two tables, Table_A and Table_B. The data in these tables are shown below:

Hide Copy Code
TABLE_A
PK Value

---

1 FOX
2 COP
3 TAXI
6 WASHINGTON
7 DELL
5 ARIZONA
4 LINCOLN
10 LUCENT

TABLE_B
PK Value

---

1 TROT
2 CAR
3 CAB
6 MONUMENT
7 PC
8 MICROSOFT
9 APPLE
11 SCOTCH
The results of the seven Joins are shown below:

Hide Copy Code
-- INNER JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
INNER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK

A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK

---

1 FOX TROT 1
2 COP CAR 2
3 TAXI CAB 3
6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT 6
7 DELL PC 7

(5 row(s) affected)
Hide Copy Code
-- LEFT JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK

A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK

---

1 FOX TROT 1
2 COP CAR 2
3 TAXI CAB 3
4 LINCOLN NULL NULL
5 ARIZONA NULL NULL
6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT 6
7 DELL PC 7
10 LUCENT NULL NULL

(8 row(s) affected)
Hide Copy Code
-- RIGHT JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK

A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK

---

1 FOX TROT 1
2 COP CAR 2
3 TAXI CAB 3
6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT 6
7 DELL PC 7
NULL NULL MICROSOFT 8
NULL NULL APPLE 9
NULL NULL SCOTCH 11

(8 row(s) affected)
Hide Copy Code
-- OUTER JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK

A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK

---

1 FOX TROT 1
2 COP CAR 2
3 TAXI CAB 3
6 WASHINGTON MONUMENT 6
7 DELL PC 7
NULL NULL MICROSOFT 8
NULL NULL APPLE 9
NULL NULL SCOTCH 11
5 ARIZONA NULL NULL
4 LINCOLN NULL NULL
10 LUCENT NULL NULL

(11 row(s) affected)
Hide Copy Code
-- LEFT EXCLUDING JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
LEFT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE B.PK IS NULL

A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK

---

4 LINCOLN NULL NULL
5 ARIZONA NULL NULL
10 LUCENT NULL NULL
(3 row(s) affected)
Hide Copy Code
-- RIGHT EXCLUDING JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE A.PK IS NULL

A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK

---

NULL NULL MICROSOFT 8
NULL NULL APPLE 9
NULL NULL SCOTCH 11

(3 row(s) affected)
Hide Copy Code
-- OUTER EXCLUDING JOIN
SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, A.Value AS A_Value,
B.Value AS B_Value, B.PK AS B_PK
FROM Table_A A
FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
ON A.PK = B.PK
WHERE A.PK IS NULL
OR B.PK IS NULL

A_PK A_Value B_Value B_PK

---

NULL NULL MICROSOFT 8
NULL NULL APPLE 9
NULL NULL SCOTCH 11
5 ARIZONA NULL NULL
4 LINCOLN NULL NULL
10 LUCENT NULL NULL

(6 row(s) affected)
Note on the OUTER JOIN that the inner joined records are returned first, followed by the right joined records, and then finally the left joined records (at least, that's how my Microsoft SQL Server did it; this, of course, is without using any ORDER BY statement).

You can visit the Wikipedia article for more info here (however, the entry is not graphical).

I've also created a cheat sheet that you can print out if needed. If you right click on the image below and select "Save Target As...", you will download the full size image.