Scientists - 03 - Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Sir Isaac Newton was born on the 25th December 1642, in the village Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. His father was a landowner-farmer. It is reported that he died a month or two before Isaac was born.
After having his basic education in the village school, he was sent to Granthem, a famous school in a close by city, at the age of 12. When he was 18 he entered the Trinity College at the University of Cambridge.
There he excelled in mathematics. After a brilliant career both as a student, and a lectures he was made the Professor of Mathematics at the Trinity College.
It is reported that Newton was very fond of making mechanical toys in his childhood. The water-wheel was one of his favourite toys. The stream that flowed close to his home turned the water-wheels made by Newton day and night.
One day Newton returned home for a long vacation when his university was closed due to the threat posed by plague, the dreaded infectious disease. One morning during that vacation Newton was seated under an apple tree in his home garden reading a book. He saw an apple falling to the ground. He picked it up and instead of eating it began to ponder looking at it. Why didn’t this go upwards or remain suspended in the air when the stem got disconnected from the twig?
The question puzzled him. He worked on the problem day and night and finally came out with his famous Law of Gravitation. According to this law every object in the vast universe attracts every other object with a force. This force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Newton established the fact that the Earth attracts all objects towards its centre. That is why anything thrown upwards into the sky falls back to the Earth, he concluded. The ripe apple that got disconnected from the twig, fell to the ground due to the very same cause he reasoned out.
Sir Isaac Newton is honoured as one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians in the human history. As a scientist he solved many mysteries of nature.
He observed that sunlight which appears pure white is really made up of seven colours violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. To prove it he split the white light into seven colours with the help of a prism. He showed that the combination of these seven colours produced white light. Newton’s theories on light and colour were presented to the world in his book ‘Optics’ in 1704.
Newton built the first reflecting telescope. It was a great improvement on the one built by Galileo in his time.
Sir Isaac Newton rendered a monumental service to the field of mathematics. He expounded the famous Laws of Motion and invented the complicate science of calculus.
Most of his discoveries were included in his great book ‘Principia’. It is still being respected as one of the influential books in the history of mankind. On account of all these discoveries in mathematics and physics made by him, Newton is called ‘The Father of Physics’.
Sir Isaac Newton was elected a Member of Parliament in 1689. He was made the President of the Royal Society in 1703 and he continued to be in the position until his death.
In 1727 he left Woolworth for London where he presided a meeting of the Royal Society. On his return journey he suddenly fell ill and was taken back to London for treatment. The great scientist died on the 20th March 1727 at the ripe age of 85 in London.
Sir Isaac Newton’s main inventions and discoveries are: The Law of Colour Mixture, The Law of Gravitation, The Law of Cooling, The Law of Motion, The Law of Aberration, The reflective telescope, and the spectrum disc.
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