Another well researched and very engaging article! I am not new to the concept of Panspermia but I have also read ‘Evolution from Space’ and found it to be both fascinating and entertaining - and would recommend it to anyone interested in this subject. My understanding is that natural selection is the main driving force of evolution and that with few exceptions this process favours characteristics which are immediately beneficial to the survival of a species within its current environment. So surely the evidence relating to the ability of various extremophiles to exist in conditions which are either rare or nonexistent on Earth presents two alternative options; 1) either these organisms evolved as a result of selection pressures in an environment other than Earth or 2) the theory of natural selection is wrong - in which case what alternative theory is there to account for the main driving force of evolution?! Answers on a postcard please!!!