THE OMNIPRESENT DUNDUN ENSEMBLE OF THE YORUBA PEOPLE OF NIGERIA

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In the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria, drumming is a very important aspect of culture because the drum does not only serve musical and entertainment purposes, but also a very fluent speaker of the Yoruba language and an interpreter of a very much respected culture: the Yoruba culture.

The Yoruba language is a tri-tonal language because it is made up of three notes from the tonic solfa which are doh, ray and mi. The talking drums of the Yoruba land have done a great work in imitating this language and thus, it is being used as a medium of communication in the tribe.

Amongst the numerous Yoruba musical instruments, those that possess the ability for pitch variation are regarded as talking instruments because the Yoruba language, just like some other languages (e.g. the Chinese) is very tonal. No other musical instrument does a better work in imitating speech sounds of the Yoruba language than the Dundun drums.

The Dundun drums are drums of very strange powers. It possesses the ability to perform very efficiently outside musical contexts. It can can be used to imitate popular proverbs, folktales; send messages across very long distances; announce calamity and war and even rain insults on people.

The Dundun can be traced back to the old Oyo empire in the south-western part of Nigeria. It was originally used as a medium of communication during the inauguration ceremony of the Alafin Oyo (a traditional ruler). It can be comfortably held under the arm because of its hourglass shape. The Dundun is regarded as a tension drum because it has two opposing drum heads covered with either cow or goat skins and connected by leather tension cords, which modulates the pitch of the drums when squeezed with the body or arm. When the leather cords are squeezed (tightened), the drum produces a high pitch sound but when relaxed (softened), it produces a low pitch sound. A very skilled Dundun player can play both proverbs and whole phrases. The pitches of the Dundun drums (most times 3) mimics the tone patterns of the Yoruba language. The waist which is the middle section of the drum is held between the drummer’s ribs and arms so that it can easily be squeezed and relaxed for pitch variations.

The Dundun drums can imitate the exact volume, pitch and rhythm of the Yoruba speech sounds. Amazing. It is also important to note that much of African music, especially the music of the Yorubas, represents family values and ties. For example the Iya llu is regarded as the mother drum, it speaks for the family or ensemble in this case. The rest of the drums only play supportive roles while she leads. The Gudugudu, regarded as the father drum, is a small melodic drum of the Dundun family. The Gudugudu is a very melodic drum -- melodic enough to sustain a melody without other instrumental accompaniments. This independence makes it fit enough to be called the father drum. The Omele is regarded as the oldest female child while the Isaaju is regarded as the oldest male child. Fascinating. The Dundun speaks both rhythm and pitch.

DUNDUN ENSEMBLE

The Dundun ensemble can be seen everywhere in the Yoruba land. You don't have to conduct an in-depth search to find a Dundun ensemble. The omnipresence of the Dundun ensemble is because the instruments that make up the ensemble are not restricted to a particular god or deity. This is the reason for the dominance over other ensembles in the Yoruba land. The Ipese drums are synonymous with Ifa worship, Agere drums with Ogun worship, Bata drums with Obatala worship; whereas the Dundun has the freedom to feature in all contexts. Because of the tri-tonality of the Yoruba language, it feels more comfortable for the language to be expressed on the Dundun drums which are mostly tri-tonal.

The sounds of the Dundun ensemble is not the only feature that makes its performance dramatic and fascinating, but also the demonstration of skills,virtuosity and aesthetics by the drummers, especially that of the Iya llu player. Because the major instruments of the Dundun ensemble performs speech functions, it is uncommon to come across Dundun musicians perform for audiences who only gather to dance and enjoy the music. Dundun performances are mostly matched with events because Dundun could be used as a medium for information, education and even propaganda.

The Iya llu drummer has the liberty to make either positive or negative expressions on the instrument freely. Issues or subject matters that ordinary members of the society cannot freely discuss openly, the Dundun drummer says it and gets away with it.

_{Youtube video of Dundun drum ensemble}

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DUNDUN FAMILY

The Dundun family is made up of a minimum of five member drums and a maximum of six or seven member drums. A five member drum would consist of Iya llu, Gudugudu (two tone drum), Kerikeri (low pitch drum), Isaaju (medium pitch drum) and Kannago (high pitch drum). A six, member drum family would comprise of Iya llu, Gudugudu, Kannago, Kerikeri, Isaaju and Gangan. The Gangan drum is the only added drum in a six member drum family.

PERFORMANCE TECHNIQUES AND TUNING

All the drums in the Dundun family are tension drums except the Gudugudu which has a fixed pitch. The Dundun instruments Must be tuned to a fixed pitch if it is to be used as a secondary instrument. It is only the Gudugudu that stays in tune for several months, while the Iya llu is free to make use of all pitches. Whenever the head of the Gudugudu slacks or goes soft, the tuning pegs are driven in tight with a stone. Dundun drumming is basically done with a stick. The tension drums are played with only one stick which has a curved head while the Gudugudu is played with two sticks. The Gudugudu is played with free wrist movement while the tension drums are played with clenched fists as if holding an umbrella.

CONCLUSION

Membranophone instruments are very prominent among the Yoruba people, especially the Dundun drums. The Dundun drum has established itself not only as an important musical instrument but also as a cultural signature of the Yoruba people. It is found in churches, shrines, palaces, streets, market places and every social or religious function. The voice of the Dundun is the voice of the Yoruba person and vice versa. It is more than just a musical instrument, it is a part of the Yoruba society.

_{Bisi Adeleke from YouTube}

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