Medieval India

DEAR STEEMIT FRIENDS ,

 

Book Fee Tahfuk Ma Lil Hind Min Maqbala Maqboola Phill Akhl-i-Marjula 

                                          

 "My  book is a historical record of facts. I will present the principles of  Hindus in front of the readers exactly and I will present them with the  principles of the Greeks which are similar to the Hindu doctrines so  that the relationship between them is exposed. Could ... .. "

"Before  rendering our subject, we have to think properly about what it is that  makes it particularly difficult to reach the origin of any topic related  to India. The realization of these difficulties will either facilitate our  work, or if there is any error in our work, then the cause will be  proved. "

"The first difficulty is that they differ from us in every thing that has similarities between us and the Gentiles. First take the language ... ..If you want to solve this problem  (i.e., want to learn Sanskrit) then it is not easy for you to do this  because it is very wide in terms of both the word store and the  inferiority complex. "

"Not only this, Indian writers are too careless and they do not work hard to present accurate and composite details ... ..
The second difficulty is that they are completely different from us in religion too. Anything that touches a foreigner with fire or water considers it to be impure ... ... "

"The third thing is that they are different from all kinds of ethics ... our rituals and our customs ... ..
There are other reasons ... (as) the features of their caste character ... .. "

"So this is India's reality. This  is the reason why despite having immense interest in my subject, I  found it difficult to penetrate into it ... and even when I did not take  any effort to spend money or money to collect books of culture. " 

 Al-Biruni was born in 973 AD in the Khwarizm area, which was then ruled by the general lineage of Turan and Iran (874-999). Kharavism, modern day, which was the kingdom of Turkistan in Central Asia in the nineteenth century. It is now a part of Uzbekistan. Though  al-Biruni was born in Khavarism, however, his parents were of Iranian  origin and considered to be a foreigner in that place, for this reason  he was given the Persian nickname Biruni (outside). His  birth was not in the city but in suburban area, due to which he was  named Al-Biruni and today he is known by this name instead of his real  name. 'Biruni' is a Persian word meaning 'outside'; In the context presented, it means the marginal territory of the city called Khawarism.

Some  ancient texts in Arabic related to the life of al-Biruni say that Birun  was the name of a city of Sindh and since he was born in the same city,  his name was Al-Biruni. But  this is a misconception that may have arisen because of this because  there was a city named Nirun in Sind and by mistake of copyist he read  it, and then the place was considered as the birth place of al-Biruni. 1  Al-Biruni Intense interest in Indian culture may have only been considered as an introduction to Indian origin.

Al-Biruni was a Muslim of Iranian origin. More  information about her early life and upbringing is not available. 2 But  she seems to have got enough opportunities to read and write in her  childhood. Self-study remained a lifelong interest. There  is a legend in this regard that at that time while he was taking his  last breath and a friend came to meet him, Al-Biruni asked him about his  solution to mathematics, which would have been referred to him by a  friend before. His  friend was surprised and said, 'It is strange that you are also worried  about these things in this situation.' Al-Biruni said, while removing  his surprise with great difficulty, "will it not be desirable for me Rather than knowing the solution of the solution, I know him instead of killing him, and then I will die? On  this, the friend gave him the desired information and he had come out  of the room that he heard people moaning at the death of al-Biruni. 

 Al-Biruni was a great linguist and he had written several books Apart  from his mother tongue Khwarizmi, which was an Iranian dialect of the  northern region and which had strong influence on the Turkish language,  it was also known for Hebrew, Syrian and Sanskrit. He  did not have any direct knowledge of Greek language, but through the  Sarani and Arabic translations, he had studied the texts of Plato and  other Greek teachers. Where  so far Arabic and Persian are concerned, both of these languages

had  intimate knowledge and most of the books in which 'Book-ul-Hind' were  written in Persian, because that was the international language of that  era. In it, the scientific literature of all the civilized world was stored  and the same was the medium of valuable contributions available in  different branches of science and literature.

The early life of Al-Biruni was spent in an era during which there was  a lot of political changes in Central Asia and very large political  changes, and some of them had the effect of its changes on life and  works.

Prior  to this, it was in the preservation of the local Dynasty-Mumbuni-who  had thrown the gamble of the Asapas masses of 995 AD. It  had an adverse effect on the life of Al-Biruni and he left the  Khwarjism and went for some time in Jurjan (which was located in the  southeast region of the Caspian Sea) in the court of Shamsul Maily  Kabhab bin Vasamgir, whom he named as his' Ul-Baqiya 'un-il-kurun-al-Khaliya 1 which he was considered among the oldest and most important texts. It  seems that when Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi (999-1030) invaded the state of  Khwarajm in 1017 and got him into his kingdom, al-Biruni Khawarism  returned. Al-Biruni was also among the prominent men of the court of Khwarjism, who was taken to the conqueror capital Ghazni. After that he mostly lived in Ghazni and continued to live and lived 440 years. (1048-1049) 2, at the age of 15, he died there. 

 It is not clear whether the Sultan of al-Biruni was in Mahmud's court. Perhaps he was in the form of a mortgage; But  due to his accomplishments as a scholar and especially as an Astronomer  and astrologer, he must have been a respected hostage. But in spite of this, his relationship with Sultan Mahmud was not very close and friendly. His  famous treatise on India was built in the reign of Sultan Mahmud  (around 1030), but there is mention of Sultan in only a few instances  and that too in a nutshell. In  contrast to Mahmud's son, his attitude towards Sultan Masood  (1030-1040) was cordial, which he had dedicated his great work  'Al-Qaunun al-Masoodi Phill Hiya-Vallunujum' and praised his gratitude. The end of the life of al-Biruni, who had lived in Masood's court, would have been rich in material prosperity and wealth.

This is the period of his stay in Ghazni since his interest in India and Indians started. As  we have known, many major texts written in India on astronomy,  mathematics and medicine have been translated into Arabic much earlier  than the beginning of the Abbasi period. Some of this may also have been with Al-Biruni. This  thing itself becomes clear from 'book-ul-Hind', in which al-Biruni has  mentioned the manuscripts of the culture which he had seen and some of  them, the mistakes of the copyists etc. During his Ghazni-Migration, Al-Biruni will have more opportunities for India-based studies.

Ghazni  city was the main political and cultural center of Islam in the eastern  region and it has attracted skilled people in neighboring countries,  including India. There were also many Indian prisoners of war, skilled crafts and scholars who were brought after Mahmud's invasion of India. Apart from this, Punjab, which had a huge majority of Hindus, became a part of the Ghazni kingdom. Ghazni  and in some other cities of India where he would have gone 1 Al-Biruni  would have been contacted by many Indian scholars and scholars and with  whom as S. K. Chatterjee  has indicated that he would have learned al-Biruni through the dialect  of western Punjab or established a scientific relationship through  Persian which some Indians would have learned. 

 North Gupta dynasty and Malwa 

 Indian history of Guptur carpet was a period of transition to many new trends. These  new trends equally influenced the political and cultural history of the  6th century AD to the twelfth century AD, resulting in epochal changes.  In this period, the tradition of 'Asmur Kshitishon' was over. Empires  of Guptas and Wakatsa With the dissolution of power, many regional  states emerged on the political horizons of India and the majority of  small local dynasties came into existence under the feudal system. He never failed to expand the state by establishing his independent power when he got the opportunity. Thus, this period is seen in the whole of India, in view of the rise and fall of the majority local dynasties. In  general, the local dynasty's strategic power and economic status were  weak in both of these views, compared to the sovereign states of the  ruling dynasties. They were also mutual struggles with the desire of expanding their own state capitals. He adopted a bizarre lifestyle to cover his internal weaknesses.

To  embellish themselves by the Vritta Vedas, the creation of the diverse  tier of the feudal pillars below, some of the major traits of luxury and  luxurious life, feudalism in the construction work, which in turn have  weakened the power of power and on the other side of the people The economic situation also shattered. It  is noteworthy that in the absence of universal authority, the trade  routes became vulnerable and trade activities were disrupted. As a result, the development of industries along with trade and commerce also got blocked. The  lack of circulation and use of currencies in Baalil is clearly  indicative of the degradation of the civil and commerce economy. Economy primacy: got settled on agriculture Consequently, the condition of the farmers in this period has also become miserable. Obviously the disorder created in the political arena also influenced contemporary economics.

In the era of political and economic poverty, North India had to be defeated and humiliated by foreign invaders. It  is noteworthy that the first invasion of the Hunas took place during  the reign of Gupta Emperor Skanda Gupta, in which Han's invaders had to  be badly defeated. But during the expiration of secret power, Hun's attackers were re-activated. Under  the leadership of Torrman and Mihirakul, the Hunas presented the scene  of invasion and destruction from Gujarat and Malwa to the valley of  Ganga. Later, the Hunas also established their small states in Punjab and Central India. After  the suppression of the flames of Hunya invasion, invasions of Arabs  started in Sindh, Gujarat and Malwa region in the eighth century. Although  the Gurjar pratahars of Malva successfully tried to stop the flow of  Arab power, however, the region of Sindh went into the political  ascendancy of the Arab invaders. 

 Shortly after this there was a crisis of Turkic invasion from northwestern direction. The  pressure of the Ottoman invaders gradually increased in the west to the  coastal regions of Gujarat and to the Ganga valley in the east. First,  the Turks took control of western Punjab (modern Pakistan) and after  that the unstoppable typhoon of his invasions began to stop, the mutual  Indian rulers of mutual jealousy and warring regional states proved to  be utter failure and gradually their independence. Lost sitting The  erosion of political history of India ended not only in the era of  political history but the fall of the dynasties like Shakhaman, Gadhwal,  Chalukya, Chandel and Parmar etc. also came to the forefront of  cultural traditions, which gave an unimaginable turn of history. Although the South of Narmada's India remained free of external  attacks in this era, in this area, the local dynasty also suffered from  mutual struggles and communist tendencies due to its pride, pride and  ambition of the expansion of the region.

It  is worth mentioning here that due to the rise of centrally sponsored  powers, the country's cultural and political unity weakened, while the  diversity of the cultural life and prosperity also increased. In  this period, various styles of sculpture and architecture were  developed, which gave rise to many excellent architectural structures  and artifacts. Various local languages, bids began to develop and many masterpieces were created in the preservation of local rulers. In this way we see that political and cultural scenario was largely depressing but not totally undemocratic. 

 North Gupta dynasty

The  era of the well-known Gupta Dynasty took place in 550-51 AD and  simultaneously with the vacuum in northern Indian politics as well as an  atmosphere of instability and chaos. Under  the Gupta emperors, many local dynasties who ruled various regions of  northern India were engaged in the promotion of their power to fill this  vacuum. As a result, the competition was created, which gave birth to mutual conflicts. Some  Samyanta dynasties dreamed of becoming imperialist powers by  establishing their rights over Magadha and its lateral areas, and in  particular the name of the Pushybuti dynasty of Uttar Gupta, Mokharhi  and Thaneshwar is particularly noteworthy here. Although  abundant information is not available in the context of all the  dynasties playing an active role in North Indian politics in the latter  part of the 6th century AD, there are relatively more information  available in the context of answer Gupta, Mokhri and Pushybhuti Dynasty  from archaeological and literary sources. Therefore,  historians have tried to present the history of these dynasties in a  credible manner, in the context of the available evidence. While presenting the details of Guptto-era history, this article is  also presenting the history of the Uttar Gupta dynasty respectively.

The  archaeological records of Aditya Sen and the Deviant record of the  living Gupta II are particularly noteworthy in the records that have  been published in the history of North Gupta Dynasty. Apart  from this, two records of Aditasen's time have been received from  places called Shahpur and Mander and a record of the era of Vishnugupta  from a place called Mangrao. But these particular information from historical point of view is not feasible. It is important here that all these articles have been received from the state of Bihar. For  example, the Afsarh records were found in the district located in  Afsad, which refers to the historical events of the era of the first  ruler of this dynasty ranging from Krishna Gupta to Adisen. This  leads us to the knowledge of the Gupta dynasty of the Guptas, and to  Adityasen, there is also interesting light on the noble connection to  the noble relatives. Devarnaika's records are from the place called Devvarnakak in Shahabad (Ara) district of Bihar province.

Cunningham is credited with bringing light to this record. He received it in 1880 AD. From  this record, the information about the history of the last three rulers  of the Gupta Gupta Dev Gupta, Vishnu Gupta and Jeev Gupta II is  received. In  this way, keeping in mind the records obtained from Afsad and  Devavarnak together, we get an indefinite history of eleven rulers of  this lineage. Since Krishna Gupta was the first ruler of this lineage and alive Gupta II was the last ruler of this lineage. Therefore,  the entire history of this dynasty is known temporarily, however, there  are still many such information that remains controversial in relation  to the history of this lineage. It is difficult to express any conclusive opinion on the basis of which information is available in relation with it. 

 Origin and state of india

The founder of the North Gupta Dynasty, Krishna Gupta is said to be born in the 'Abdavn' in the Afsarh Records. It can only be concluded that it was associated with a high school. More answers than this, we do not get any information regarding the origin of Gupta. The word 'secret' is associated with the names of most rulers of this lineage. Therefore, some scholars have expressed the possibility that these Chakravarti have been related to the Gupta Dynasty. But this possibility seems to be quite unlikely. Because  if these Chakraborty were associated with the Guptas, it would surely  have been mentioned in their articles that this matter was proudly  mentioned. It is also noteworthy that in the end of the names of all the kings of this lineage, there is no secret word.
 

It is important that Aditya Sen gets the name of the most powerful ruler of this lineage. Probably the North Gupta dynasty was a feudal dynasty ruled by monarchs. Because  the first ruler of this dynasty, Krishna Gupta, has been conferred only  the nuptial title, and with the name of Harsh Gupta, his successor,  only the use of the word 'Shri' with respect is found. It  is noteworthy here that for separating from Chakraborty Gupts,  historians have addressed this lineage as the later Guptas or North  Guptas. Some historians have also objected to this nomenclature. Sudhakar Chattopadhyay suggested that this lineage should be named  after the name of his founder Krishna Gupta and should be called  'Krishna Guptavansh'.

The Gupta Dynasty or North Gupta Dynasty has now become mostly accepted and popular among historians. Answer: What was the original area of

Gupta Gupta? This topic remains controversial today. Recognition  of the later rulers of Adityasen, Vishnu Gupta and the living Gupta II  of this dynasty have been received from Magadha region only. Which indicates that the rule of these three rulers was prevalent on the Magadha region. Hence  Fleet etc. scholars have expressed the opinion that the original area  of

this dynasty would also have been Magadha. On the contrary, D. C.  Ganguly, R. K. Mukerjea, C. B. Many  scholars of Vaidya, Harnle and Rayachodhuri etc. have the idea that the  people of this lineage were originally resident of Malwa who became  ruler of Magadha in the Harsha period. 2 The main argument of the  scholar who considered the Malwa as the original area of

the Gupta  Gupta is that in Harshacharit Madhav Gupta has been mentioned as the son of the son of Malvaraj. In the Afsarh records, Madhav Gupta is said to be the son of Mahasen Gupta. In both sources, Madhav Gupta has been called Harsha's friend. 

 According  to Harshacharya, she had been a child of Harsh while according to  Afsarh records she was hoping for Harsh Dev's continuous companionship. Seeing  these two sources together, the uniformity of Mahasen Gupta, the  grandfather of Harvacharitra Mahavaraj and Aditya Sen, is authentic. It  is also worth mentioning here that according to the Declarative Record  of the living Gupta II, Magadha had the right to first omnipotence and  avativarma, which was contemporary of the ruler of the Guptas of the  Guptas and Damodar Gupta of Gupta and Mahasen Gupta. There  is also a strong possibility that the area of

Magadha was also under  the rule of all-earth's father Ishwanavarma, which was a contemporary of  the Gupta Gupta of Uttar Gupta Rishi. Because  Ishwarvarma has been described as the winner of the elephants, the  Shooliks and the Gaudas in the Ishwaravarma's horizontal record, and the  victory of Gaud does not appear to be possible without the authority of  Magadha region. Keeping all these facts in sight, keeping the area of

eastern Malwa seems to be the original area of

the answer secret. 

 Krishna Gupta

According to unconfirmed records, the first ruler of the North Gupta Dynasty was Krishna Gupta. Reign  of Krishna due Atathik records secret can not be set to ensure,  however, allows us to Hdha record Ishanvrma in this direction, which  date 554 AD. The rule of Eishvavarma North Gupta Vishneshi Naresh Kumar Gupta can be grossly fixed between 540 AD and 560 AD. Since  Kumar being placed between the secret pre-living the secret first,  Harsh Gupta and Krishna secret these three rulers of the state and if  you got to determine the average twenty reign of the year for each ruler  Krishna Gupta rule 500 AD to about 480 AD Could.

Afsdh  Krishna records secret has been conferred with the 'Nrip' title 0.1 The  Secret Emperor Mercury was secretive regime whose political influence  was certainly spread to the region. In the reign of Mercus Gupt, the Hun king Nars Torom was attacked in western India. The first year's record of Torah's rule was received from Aryan. From this it is known that sometime between 490 AD and 510 AD, the right of thermodynamics was established on the Malwa region. He appointed Anuj Carnavishnu of Samantha Matruvishnu as Administrator of the region who ruled the Aran region of Mercury. But this power of the Hanas in Malwa region was not uninterrupted. Because  the records of Bhanu Gupta from 510 AD are found only from Aryan that  Bhanu Gupta, who was a great warrior, did a fierce battle in Aran, in  which his friend Gauravaj Veergati had received and his wife was dead Together had become sati.

The  contemporary political situation concluded by keeping historians vision  that Bhanu Gupta and Gopraj it will be the same against the war Hun  King Torman. Clearly,  the political scenario of the Malwa region was changing with rapidly,  due to which Swamishtha was becoming looser and suspicious towards the  secret monarchs of feudal clans like Parivrajak, Highakul and Arnav  region. Probably taking advantage of those circumstances, Krishna Gupta established his small kingdom in eastern Malva. Although  it is said in the Afsarh records that there were elephants in the  number of thousand of his army and he was the winner of innumerable wars  and he was surrounded by scholars, but it should only be considered  formal appreciation. 

 Harsh Gupta

The successor of Krishna Gupta was his son Harsh Gupta. Its reign ranged from approximately 500 AD to 520 CE. It is said in the imperial inscription that it had conquered many of the Dudhash Wars. Its rule was also a period of turmoil due to the invasion of the Hanes. This was a contemporary of Hunan Akrata Toroman and her son Mihirkul. At this time, the secret king Narasimha Gupta Baladitya was involved in the conflict with the hunts. Some scholars believe that the rule of Narasimha Gupta was confined to  the Magadha region, whereas in the Bengal region, perhaps the Vaña  Gupta had established its independent state and possibly in Bhavn in the  Malwa region, he was struggling against the secret hunts.

In the afasdar records there is no use of any title used for the independent ruler for Harsh Gupta. Therefore, it appears to be a general in his position. It  is difficult to say that it was ruling under the then Gupta king  Narasimha Gupta Baladitya or Bhanu Gupta or he had accepted the  authority of the Hunas. It is also possible that it was also contemporary of the advent of Malwa. But there is no information about the mutual relation between the two. Her sister Harsh Gupta was married to Mokhri king Adityavarma. Thus in the reign of Harsh Gupt, the mutual relations of North Gupta and Mokhri princes appear friendly. In fact, these were both Rajkul development oriented. To fulfill their political ambitions, become ally colleagues and seek refuge in the marriage relation to strengthen friendship. 

 First secret

The successor of Harsh Gupta was his son's living secret. It ruled from approximately 520 AD to 540 AD. The available instructions from the imperial record indicate that it proved to be more powerful than his father and father. It has been distinguished by the title 'Kshitishchudamani' in the record. Referring  to its political influence in the Afsarh record, it has been said that  'it was similar to an inflammatory fever for the enemies of the coastal  green states and the Himalayas in the winter cold conditions.' 1 It  appears that the invasion of the Hunas on the Gupta-Empire As a result of the Digvijay of Malwa ruler Yashovardhana, the horrific  situation of political disorder had arisen in North India.

The  glory of the Gupta emperors - Sun was going down and the effects of  secret power had ceased from areas of north Bengal, along the Himalayan  border areas. It  is not possible that the living secret first did this campaign to  suppress the revolts in Eastern India as a feudatory of contemporary  Gupta Emperor, who was possibly Kuma Gupta III. It appears that the contemporary Moksha king, Lord Varma, supported him in this campaign. Because  in Jaunpur inscription it has been said that God Verma had conquered  the regions of the Himalayas (Pralayadri) in the direction of the north.  As a result of these triumphs, the political influence of North Guptas increased during the reign of the Gupta Gupta. Therefore, it is said in the aforesaid records that 'His feat was inhuman like Pawan son Hanuman, like the sea violation. 

 Kumar Gupta

The successor of the living secret is his son Kumar Gupta. Its reign is believed to be from approximately 540 AD to 560 CE. In the medieval period (550-51 CE) of his reign, Gupta king Vishnu Gupta died and the Gupta Dynasty was completely destroyed. In order to take advantage of the decline of the Gupta Dynasty, both the North Gupta and Mokhri dynasties got active. As a result, the mutual friendship of these two princes ended. The impressive record gives clear information about hostility and conflict between the two clans. According to this record, there was a fierce clash between Kumar Gupta and his contemporary Mokari Naresh Ishwanavarma. Perhaps the purpose of this struggle was to establish a right over the  area of

Magadha, which was a symbol of the empire's power.

The  only source to inform about the struggle between North Gupta Naresh  Kumar Gupta and Mokhri Naresh Ishwanavarma is Afsarh Records. According  to this inscription, Kumar Gupta churned like the 'King of Kshirsagar',  which was the instrument of attainment of Lakshmi, in the form of a  moon-like powerful eishthavarma in the kings, like the monkey hill. There is considerable differences among the scholars regarding the implied meaning in this verse. Raychowdhury thinks that in this war Kumara Gupta has won and the eighth is defeated. Because there was no claim of victory in this war by the Mokhriyas. It is noteworthy that there is no description of this war in the eighth letter of Ishwanwarma's 554 AD. Therefore, there is a strong likelihood that this war may have happened sometime after 554 AD. It  is said in the verse in front of the Afsarh Records that after this war  Kumar Gupta had finished his life by breathing in Prayag. Scholars like  Nihararjan Rai and Radhakumud Mookerjee believe that Kumar Gupta was  defeated in this war And he had committed suicide in Prayag due to the loss of defeat. 

                                                                 ........contuine

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