Advantages and disadvantages of quantum computing

To begin with, you can make sure that this technology has already left the laboratories and is already closer than most imagine, quantum computers are machines that operate based on the strangest laws of physics and with that they obtain such absurd processing power that it can break encrypted passwords in seconds, but also simulate molecules that today challenge even the most powerful supercomputers in the world.

They work with Qubits that, unlike the traditional bits 0 and a, can be both at the same time, thanks to a phenomenon called superposition and when these Qubits are intertwined, the growth of computational capacity is exponential, with a few Qubits it is already possible to do what billions of transistors cannot.

Today the main paths to creating Qubits involve four approaches: superconducting circuits cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero, charged atoms kept in vacuum by electromagnetic fields, light beams that control neutral atoms with extreme precision, and light particles photons, used to represent data.

All these technologies face the same challenge of maintaining the quantum state long enough for the calculation to happen, any external interference, heat or vibration or even simple magnetic noise can cause the qubits to lose their properties, this is what we call coherence. The solution is in the so-called quantum error correction where hundreds of physical qubits work together to protect a single logical qubit, this allows long calculations to be carried out with more precision and stability and this is where algorithms come in capable of rewriting the rules of computing, the most feared is the “shor algorithm”, which can factor giant numbers in seconds, which would collapse the basis of cryptography used in banking transactions, emails and defense systems.

Other algorithms like Grover's make searching large databases much faster. Despite the risks, the same power that threatens digital security can be used to simulate complex molecules and accelerate the development of drugs, including against cancer, Alzheimer's and antibiotic-resistant diseases.

In the environmental area, quantum computing can allow the creation of green catalysts and even optimize nuclear fusion reactions that can change the game of clean energy and in the financial sector quantum algorithms are already being tested to predict market risks, optimize portfolios and detect fraud more efficiently than any classical system.

With so much at stake, governments and companies are already preparing for the impact, quantum cryptography such as key distribution via photons can guarantee security even in a world where quantum computers are active, laboratories in the United States, Europe and China are already connecting networks with this technology and tests with satellites are already underway.

Meanwhile, the race for reliable qubits continues at an accelerated pace, with Google, IBN, Microsoft and startups around the world already showing prototypes with dozens or hundreds of qubits, still far from ideal, but already dangerously close to starting to make a difference.

Quantum computing is not just a future promise, it is a historic turn, a platform with the potential to heal, predict, build or tear down already established systems.

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